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  • Presentation (16)
  • Central Bank Publication (7)
  • Book Chapter (6)
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  • Academic Journal (9)
  • Conference Summary (4)

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  • Payments (11)
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Academic Journal

The Role of Interchange Fees in Two-Sided Markets: An Empirical Investigation on Payment Cards

April 21, 2016
Carbó, Chakravorti, and Rodriguez study the impact of lowering interchange fees on consumer and merchant adoption and usage along with bank revenues during a ten-year period in Spain using bank-level data. Using cutting-edge econometric techniques, they are able to test two-sided market model predictions about payment card pricing policies. They...
Academic Journal

Externalities in Payment Card Networks: Theory and Evidence

April 15, 2011
Payment cards continue to replace cash and checks in advanced economies. Along with the growth of payment card transactions has come greater scrutiny by public authorities of certain payment network rules along with the level of certain fees. Chakravorti reviews the growing payment card literature and discusses the impact of...
Conference Summary

What Is the Role of Public Authorities in Retail Payment Systems?

November 15, 2010
On June 21–22, 2010, the Chicago Fed and the University of Granada co-sponsored a conference that brought together policymakers, academics, and industry practitioners to discuss evolving retail payment systems and the role of public authorities, with several panels focusing on the Single Euro Payments Area.
Academic Journal

Whither Loose Change: The Diminishing Demand For Small Denomination Currency

March 25, 2009
While payment card usage has increased dramatically, the stock of outstanding currency has not declined as rapidly. Amromin and Chakravorti analyze changes in cash demand for 13 advanced economies from 1988 to 2003 by separating cash into three denomination categories to disentangle its store of wealth and payment functions. Defining...
Academic Journal

A Theory Of Credit Cards

June 01, 2007
Chakravorti and To construct a two-period model to study the interactions among consumers, merchants, and a card issuer. The model yields the following results. First, if the issuer's cost of funds is not too high and the merchant's profit margin is sufficiently high, in every equilibrium of our model the...
Conference Summary

Forces Shaping the Payments Environment: A Summary of the Chicago Fed’s 2005 Payments Conference

September 01, 2005
Chakravorti and Jankowski summarize the 2005 Chicago Payments conference. The migration to more efficient payment mechanisms is affected by innovations, incentives, and regulations. While advances in technology have yielded numerous payment method alternatives, many have not been widely adopted. A Chicago Fed conference explored why certain payment innovations have been...
Academic Journal

Who Pays for Credit Cards?

March 03, 2005
Chakravorti and Emmons model side payments in a competitive credit‐card market. If competitive retailers absorb the cost of accepting credit cards by charging a higher goods price to everyone, then someone must subsidize convenience users of credit cards to prevent them from defecting to merchants who do not accept cards...
Conference Summary

An Electronic Supply Chain: Will Payments Follow?

September 01, 2004
Businesses, both small and large, are adopting new technologies to automate and reduce the exchange of paper documents in their transaction flows. However, more than 80% of payments between businesses are still made with paper checks. As the exchange of information along the supply chain becomes increasingly electronic, it raises...
Conference Summary

Can Existing Payment Networks Meet Future Needs?

October 01, 2003
The proportion of retail, non-cash payments made electronically in the U.S. grew from 15% in 1979 to 40% in 2000. A recent Chicago Fed conference addressed the important question of whether today's payment networks can adequately support emerging payment technologies.
Academic Journal

Theory of Credit Card Networks: A Survey of the Literature

June 01, 2003
Credit cards provide benefits to consumers and merchants not provided by other payment instruments as evidenced by their explosive growth in the number and value of transactions over the last 20 years. Recently, credit card networks have come under scrutiny from regulators and antitrust authorities around the world. The costs...
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